D. Shock and burns (NFPA 70E, OSHA 1910.269)
NFPA 70E arc flash + OSHA 1910.269, IEEE 1584 incident-energy analysis, approach boundaries, PPE categories.
Lessons
NFPA 70E arc flash + OSHA electrical safety
OSHA-referenced safety standard for energized work. 110.4 when allowed (de-energize first; only if additional hazards or infeasible). 130.2 Energized Electrical Work Permit (9 elements). 130.4 shock approach boundaries (LAB / RAB) — Table 130.4(E)(a) by voltage. 130.5 Arc Flash Boundary at 1.2 cal/cm² + IEEE 1584-2018 incident-energy analysis vs PPE category tables. 130.7(C)(15) PPE Categories 1-4 at 4/8/25/40 cal/cm². Above 40 → de-energize.
Arc-flash analysis (IEEE 1584 + NFPA 70E)
Incident energy I_E (cal/cm²) at working distance, arc-flash boundary AB, NFPA 70E PPE categories 1-4 (>40 cal/cm² prohibited). IEEE 1584-2018 calculation flow. Mitigation hierarchy: de-energize → maintenance mode → arc relay → AR switchgear → PPE.